"mOn mOnde" - Technically Mechanical

Sea water contains about 0.1-2 mg/tonne of gold dissolved in water (average 1 mg/tonne). But considering the amount of seawater available, it is a really huge goldmine! Theoretically fine, but problems were practical (which prevented profitable extraction till now). This can however become possible with the old electrolysis technique, with the only difference that the voltage difference between the electrodes must be maintained slightly less than the minimum potential difference required for electrolysis of water (yes, there is a minimum pot. difference, say 1.48 volts, below which water won't be hydrolysed. But since gold lies below hydrogen in electrochemical series, it will get deposited on the cathode!). Since it is impractical to pump millions of gallons of water, it is more practical to move the electrodes over vast regions of oceans.

With a slight modification, the propellors of ships can be designed to form the electrodes! Each of the 3 blades will be a stack of 3 blades (like a sandwich) with the sandwiched blade maintained +ve and the other two forming cathode (of course they won't be touching each other. There will be a gap of a few cm between each blade, supported by rubber/cork). The tilt of each blades will be much less than conventional propellor, so that it makes much more revolution per advancement, and hence scan the volume of water more effectively. It is practical to make each blade 1.7 metre in length, so that cross sectional area of circle formed on revolution of blades will be 10 metre square. This will scan 10 tonne of water per 1 metre moved by the ship. Considering that efficiency of extraction is only 0.1 mg/tonne, it comes to 1 mg/metre of distance covered (or 1 gram per k.m. or 1 k.g gold per 1000 k.m.) So, this may not be profitable if ship is designed only for gold hunt. But it can be a real bonus for commercial ships which has to cover thousands of k.m. anyway.

Reward: calculate it yourself (please consider this idea, it is an earnest appeal. I require your help. At least you can forward this idea to more people). Sea water contains about 0.1-2 mg/tonne of gold dissolved in water (average 1 mg/tonne). But considering the amount of seawater available, it is a really huge goldmine! Theoretically fine, but problems were practical (which prevented profitable extraction till now). This can however become possible with the old electrolysis technique, with the only difference that the voltage difference between the electrodes must be maintained slightly less than the minimum potential difference required for electrolysis of water (yes, there is a minimum pot. difference, say 1.48 volts, below which water won't be hydrolysed. But since gold lies below hydrogen in electrochemical series, it will get deposited on the cathode!). Since it is impractical to pump millions of gallons of water, it is more practical to move the electrodes over vast regions of oceans.

With a slight modification, the propellors of ships can be designed to form the electrodes! Each of the 3 blades will be a stack of 3 blades (like a sandwich) with the sandwiched blade maintained +ve and the other two forming cathode (of course they won't be touching each other. There will be a gap of a few cm between each blade, supported by rubber/cork). The tilt of each blades will be much less than conventional propellor, so that it makes much more revolution per advancement, and hence scan the volume of water more effectively. It is practical to make each blade 1.7 metre in length, so that cross sectional area of circle formed on revolution of blades will be 10 metre square. This will scan 10 tonne of water per 1 metre moved by the ship. Considering that efficiency of extraction is only 0.1 mg/tonne, it comes to 1 mg/metre of distance covered (or 1 gram per k.m. or 1 k.g gold per 1000 k.m.) So, this may not be profitable if ship is designed only for gold hunt. But it can be a real bonus for commercial ships which has to cover thousands of k.m. anyway.

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Synopsis

The main objective of my project was to convert the presently existing relay based control system of the air compressor into a virtual instrumentation based control system using the software Bridge VIEW (Bridge Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench).

The compressor control system has got a lot of instrumentation involved. Presently K.M.M.L (The industry where I done my project) is using a relay based compressor control system. The major drawback of this system is delay, expensive control wiring attributing to complexity, limited expandability and difficult in troubleshooting.In order to overcome these drawbacks a severe effort has been made to adopt a virtual instrumentation based control that enables the user to monitor and control the system

The boomerang is a scientific marvel as it envisions the aerodynamic as well as aviation principles coupled with many theorems of Physics. It is all the more striking, nay, bewildering that these principles of aviation and theorems of physics were unerringly utilized thousands of years before they were even invented. Most of us are familiar with the boomerang, the wonderful stick that returns when you throw it. However, most of us don't know the history of the boomerang or the complex physics and aerodynamics involved. This device is simply amazing, and a wonderful application of some laws of physics relating to aerodynamic lift and angular momentum. To understand why a boomerang returns, one must look at the shape of the boomerang, the aerodynamics and physics.

HOW DOES IT WORK?
The Science of the Boomerang’s Return Flight


The Australian Aborigines were experts in boomerang construction and throwing as a result of centuries of experience, but they did not understand why a boomerang returned when they threw it. The secret of boomerang flight still confounds many people. No two boomerangs will perform in an identical way. The surfaces of their arms cannot be exactly identical and so, as the boomerang spins through the air, the effect of the wind on the surfaces is slightly different on each one. Sometimes, but not always, the lifting arm is slightly lighter than the other and has an angled tip.

The really short version: Boomerangs return as a result of the principles of aerodynamic lift and gyroscopic precession.

The use of petroleum products is increasing at a rapid rate while its resources are getting depleted at a much more faster rate. As a solution for this the honorable president of India Mr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam suggests a new alternative. It’s by producing Bio-Diesel by JATROPHA crop.

Jatropha is a drought resistant perennial growing shrub, non demanding, tolerant to extremes, suitable to tropical and non tropical climate and considerable climatic changes, even upto light frost. It grows considerably easily and lives producing seeds for nearly 50 years.
It is known by different names: in Hindi - Ratanjyot Jangli Erandi, Malayalam - Katamanak, Tamil - Kattamanakku, Telugu - Pepalam, Kannada - Kadaharalu, Gujarati - Jepal, Sanskrit - Kanana Randa

The seeds of JATROPHA are dried and oil is extracted from it. It is then heated to a particular temperature and methanol is added to it to produce the bio diesel. Around 300–350 ml of bio diesel can be produced from 1kg of JATROPHA seed. More over glycerin, cooking gas, wax, nylon textile colors, medicine etc can be produced from JATROPHA.



What The president said in his historic speech about JATROPHA...

"We have nearly 60 million hectares of wasteland, of which 30 million hectares are available for energy plantations like "Jatropha". Once grown, the crop has a life of 50 years. Each acre will produce about 2 tonnes of bio-diesel at about Rs. 20 per litre. Biodiesel is carbon neutral and many valuable by-products flow from this agro-industry. Intensive research is needed to burn bio-fuel in internal combustion engines with high efficiency, and this needs to be a urgent R&D programme. India has a potential toproduce nearly 60 million tones of bio-fuel annually, thus making a significant and important contribution to the goal of Energy Independence. Indian Railways has already taken a significant step of running two passenger locomotives (Thanjavur to Nagore section) and six trains of diesel multiple units (Tiruchirapalli to Lalgudi, Dindigul and Karur sections) with a 5% blend of bio-fuel sourced from its in-house esterification plants. In addition, they have planted 75 lakh Jatropha saplings in Railway land which is expected to give yields from the current year onwards. This is a pioneering example for many other organisations to follow. Similarly many States in our country have energy plantations. What is needed is a full economic chain from farming, harvesting, extraction to esterification, blending and marketing. Apart from employment generation, bio-fuel has a significant potential to lead our country towards energy independence. The other critical options are development of electric vehicles; hydrogen based vehicles, electrification of Railways and urban mass transportation."

I came to know about JATROPHA from a recently held agricultural exhibition at my home town. A stall by Organic Agricultural Development Charitable Trust (OADCT) was there explaining about the benifits about this program. This trust has around 1500 acres of JATROPHA crop.

If any one want more details about the trust then be free to contact me..
Click Here To mail me!
see the following links to know more..

http://www.pcra-biofuels.org/
http://www.mgrbiodiesel.com/
http://www.bbibiofuels.com/biodieselmagazine/
http://aaqua.persistent.co.in/aaqua/forum/index